Flying Eagle Cent: A Brief Overview of its History and Significance

The Flying Eagle cent, produced by the United States Mint from 1856 to 1858, holds a critical spot in American numismatic history. It marked a turning point in the design and production of small denomination coins. As the first small-sized cent coin struck by the U.S. Mint, it replaced the earlier large cents, which were often seen as bulky and cumbersome due to their size. This transition was not just about aesthetics but was driven by the economic necessity of reducing production costs.

The Introduction of the Flying Eagle Cent

Before 1856, copper large cents had circulated extensively since 1793. However, by the mid-19th century, the cost of copper had risen significantly, and the large cent had become too expensive to produce. This prompted the need for a new, smaller form of coinage. James B. Longacre, the chief engraver of the Mint, designed the Flying Eagle cent. It featured an eagle in flight on the obverse, a design borrowed from the Gobrecht silver dollar of the 1830s, which many considered visually striking and symbolic of American freedom and progress.

The reverse side showcased an agricultural wreath, representing prosperity and growth. This design was a departure from the Liberty Head design used on large cents and aimed to provide a modern appearance that would resonate with a changing nation.

Technical Challenges and Minting

The transition from large cents to the Flying Eagle cent was not without challenges. Initially, the Mint experimented with different metal compositions. The final coin was minted using an alloy of 88% copper and 12% nickel, making the coins lighter and easier to handle. However, this composition also posed technical difficulties, as it was harder to strike than pure copper. The Mint’s machinery struggled with the new alloy, leading to issues with die wear and striking quality.

The first Flying Eagle cents were struck in 1856 as patterns. It’s estimated that around 2,000 of these pieces were produced to garner support from influential figures in Congress and numismatics. Due to the relatively low mintage, these 1856 Flying Eagle cents are highly sought after by collectors today.

Distribution and Circulation

The Flying Eagle cent was officially released for circulation in 1857. Its introduction was met with enthusiasm as it addressed the public’s dissatisfaction with large cents. The new coin was more convenient for everyday transactions. Banks and businesses began using the new cents rapidly, and they were generally well-received by the American public.

However, production continued only until 1858 due to ongoing technical issues. The metal composition and striking difficulties led the Mint to consider alternatives. The design was soon replaced by the more successful Indian Head cent in 1859, which addressed many issues faced by the Flying Eagle cent.

Collecting Flying Eagle Cents

• Rarity: The 1856 Flying Eagle cent is particularly rare, with prices reflecting its scarcity. Even circulated examples can fetch high prices among collectors.
• Variations: Within the 1857 and 1858 mintage, there are a few notable varieties, such as the large letters and small letters varieties. Collectors often seek these for their unique characteristics.
• Condition: As with most coins, condition dramatically impacts value. Uncirculated examples are worth considerably more than their worn counterparts.
• Historical Interest: Beyond their monetary value, these coins hold historical significance. They represent a pivotal point in the U.S. Mint’s adaptation to changing economic conditions and technological advancements.

Legacy of the Flying Eagle Cent

Although the Flying Eagle cent had a short minting period, its legacy endures. It paved the way for future small cent designs, influencing both the Indian Head and Lincoln cents that followed. The lessons learned from its minting challenges led to improvements in coin production techniques. Moreover, its introduction demonstrated adaptability to economic pressures, a hallmark of modern coinage development.

Today, the Flying Eagle cent remains a favorite among numismatists for its unique design and historical context. It serves as a reminder of the U.S. Mint’s continuous efforts to refine and innovate coinage to meet the needs of the nation. Whether you are a seasoned collector or new to the hobby, the Flying Eagle cent offers an intriguing glimpse into 19th-century American history and the evolving art of coin production.